What is a venom allergy?
A venom allergy is an allergic reaction to the stings of certain insects, such as bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets, or fire ants. For some people, a sting can cause a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis, which can be life-threatening. Symptoms of a serious reaction may include trouble breathing, swelling, hives, dizziness, or even loss of consciousness. If you have ever had a severe reaction to an insect sting, it is important to talk to an allergist specialist.
Who should consider venom immunotherapy (VIT)?
Venom immunotherapy is recommended for people who have had a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to an insect sting and have allergy testing that shows sensitivity to insect venom. VIT is not usually needed for people who have only had large local swelling or mild skin reactions, unless they are at high risk of being stung often (for example, beekeepers).
How does venom immunotherapy work?
VIT is a treatment that helps your body become less sensitive to insect venom. It involves getting regular shots (injections) of small, gradually increasing amounts of the venom that caused your allergic reaction. Over time, this helps your immune system react less strongly to stings. Most people receive injections once a week at first, with the dose slowly increasing until a "maintenance" dose is reached. After reaching maintenance, injections are spaced out to every 4-6 weeks.
How effective is venom immunotherapy?
VIT is very effective. It reduces the risk of a severe allergic reaction to a future sting by up to 98%. Most people who complete 3-5 years of VIT will not have a serious reaction if stung again. The treatment will also helps reduce anxiety about being stung and improves quality of life.
How long does treatment last?
VIT is usually continued for 3-5 years. Some people with higher risk factors may need longer treatment. Your provider will discuss the best plan for you at your appointment.
What are the risks and side effects?
Most side effects are mild, such as redness or swelling at the injection site. Rarely, more serious allergic reactions occur after a shot, which is why you will be asked to stay in the office for at least 30 minutes after each injection. The benefits usually outweigh the risks for people with a history of severe sting reactions.
What else should patients know?
- Always carry an epinephrine auto-injector if you have a history of severe reactions
- Tell your provider about all your medications and any other health conditions
- If you have a reaction after a shot, let the clinic staff know right away
- VIT is not recommended for people who have never had a serious reaction to a sting, even if the allergy tests are positive.